I have no wish to get involved in any discussion about the appropriateness of Australia Day, and I think it is important that people remain polite on this site. However there seems to be some confusion over actual facts, which are not disputed by historians and which people should at least be aware of regarding why we celebrate Australia Day. We should accurately know our own history.
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1. Firstly, the first fleet arrived in Australia at Port Jackson on 26th January 1788 - here is an excerpt from Bowes Smyth’s journal of their voyage
"Tuesday 25 December 1787 Xmas Day We are now about two thousand miles distant from the South Cape of New Holland, or Van Diemen’s Land, or otherwise Adventure Bay, with a most noble breeze which carries us at 8½ knots per hour, which we hope will enable us to see land in about a fortnight (page 97)
26 January … about 7 o’clock p.m. we reach the mouth of Broken Bay, Port Jackson, and sailed up into the cove where the settlement is to be made … the finest terraces lawns and grottos with distinct plantations of the tallest and most stately trees I ever saw in any noble man’s gardens in England cannot exceed in beauty those which nature now presented to our view "
(there was insufficient water so shortly after they moved on to Botany Bay)
2. Cook missed the party (and was killed a year later in Feb 1779) - he had mapped the east coast of Australia eight years prior to that (as well as NZ, Hawai etc.) He was a great navigator and the sole association with Australian settlement was that he mentioned on return to Britain that there was arable land around Botany Bay suitable for settlement. The remainder of the Australian coast had already been mapped by the Dutch, Portuguese etc but they do not seem to have been impressed by it (much being desert or mangrove swamp), although SE Asians had been trading with north coast aborigines for some time.
3. In April 1879 the first smallpox epidemic hit the settlement at Botany Bay. Governor Phillip estimated that 50% of the indigenous inhabitants died (they had no resistance to it or things like flu and TB and were devasted by STDs soon after First Fleet arrival). Because we took so long to cross the Blue Mountains we have no record of its spread through Australia, but a whaling ship recorded scars around Port Phillip Bay in 1803, 30 years before John Batman founded Melbourne, and Major Michell recorded smallpox scars on indigenous people in the 1830s as he travelled down the Murray River. It is likely that southeast coast aborigines suffered something equivalent to the Middle Ages European "Great Plague" in terms of deaths. So it does not greatly surprise me that some have negative or mixed feelings about celebrating European arrival, although obviously a lot now celebrate along with non-indigenous Australians. We do not definitively know where the smallpox originated, but the timing among people who had never had smallpox seems quite a coincidence.
3. Celebrations on 26th January of the landing of the First Fleet go back to 1808, but were first officially celebrated in 1818 and continued on that date until 1901 (Federation) as a celebration of the forming of the Colony of New South Wales because of the First Fleet landing (i.e. of all Australian inhabitants becoming British colonial citizens at that time), although the Colony was only actually proclaimed some weeks later. The celebration then had various names in different places (eg Federation Day, ANA Day).
4. Colonies only united under the country name "Australia" at Federation in 1901.
5. By 1935 all Australian States and Territories were celebrating the landing on 26th January as Australia Day, and there were already indigenous objections being raised to it.
6. Australian citizenship only existed when proclaimed by Act of Parliament in 1948 - all Australians were "British Subjects" and travelled on British passports until then (I only recently realized that I was born British - perhaps why we sang songs about the British Empire at primary school). This was celebrated on the next Australia Day (26th January 1949) but was not the reason for Australia Day, that had already been officially around for 130 years.
7. In 1994 Australia Day was made a public holiday
We should teach more basic Australian history at school, warts and all and stop wringing our hands - the bad with the good. It has made us a great country, and overall a generous and considerate one.